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article------>{"id":7,"cid":3,"subCid":"","title":"五柳先生陶渊明","shortTitle":"","tagId":"1","attr":"","articleView":"","source":"","author":"","description":"","img":"/public/cover/08.jpg","content":"<p><img src=\"https://p9-heycan-hgt-sign.byteimg.com/tos-cn-i-3jr8j4ixpe/31f5581b6dee463bb23c6f4a31d1b204~tplv-3jr8j4ixpe-aigc_resize:0:0.png?lk3s=43402efa&x-expires=1728864000&x-signature=AP23D4sBKcal3LurrbHp9WWra8M%3D&format=.png\" alt=\"\">陶渊明(365年-427年),名潜,字元亮,自号五柳先生,私谥靖节先生。在唐代文献中,因避唐高祖李渊的讳,被称作陶泉明或陶深明。浔阳郡柴桑县(今江西省庐山市)人。东晋、刘宋的文学家,东晋大司马陶侃曾孙,父、祖皆为郡守,自曾祖、祖、及父,都在东晋为臣,但自己一生未曾担任高官,受王羲之和儿子王凝之提拔而短暂地当过江州祭酒,后担任镇军参军、建威参军,在叔叔晋安郡太守 ( 治所在今福州 ) 陶夔协助下当上彭泽县令,因厌恶当时的政治,做了大约八十天就辞职归故里,终生不再出仕。<br><img src=\"https://www.yanyuzhai.cn/uploads/allimg/2101/1-210110144629514.jpg\" alt=\"陶渊明\" style=\"width: 350px; height: 296px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; float: left;\"> <strong>思想</strong><br> 陶渊明在青年时期受儒家思想的熏陶,有着“猛志逸四海,骞翮思远翥”的入世抱负。<br> 三十岁时陶渊明先后入了桓玄(晋安帝隆安三年,公元399年)勤王的僚属,但是后来桓玄篡晋,他又加入了刘裕讨伐桓玄的义军幕府(公元404年)。晋安帝义熙元年(公元405年),他意识到了刘裕也非真心匡复晋室,遂急流勇退以明哲保身,辞去彭泽令以避覆灭之祸,作《归去来兮辞》以明志(见《归去来兮辞》第一段最后一句为“抚孤松而盘桓”,第二段最后一句为“乐夫天命复奚疑”,各缀最后一字成桓疑)。<br> 公元420年刘裕篡晋后,在贫困躬耕中隐居的陶渊明,以隐喻手法写下了《桃花源记》表达对此事最大的谴责,“问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。”感叹暴秦虽然酷虐,此时尤过于秦乱,所以闻者皆叹惋,在《桃花源诗》首即有“嬴氏乱天纪,贤者避其世”点明其意。<br> 进入刘宋之后,陶渊明贫病加剧,江州刺史檀道济去劝他弃隐出仕,但是他不受馈赠,不为所动,就是不放弃他隐居求志、不食周粟的风范(因为陶渊明的曾祖父、祖父、父亲及自身俱在东晋为官,如同张良其家五世相韩,之后一生为韩报仇)。正如他诗作:“历览千载书,时时见遗烈。高操非所攀,谬得固穷节。”他的后半生,正实践着他入刘宋后所改的名—潜,一生遂潜龙勿用了!<br> 陶潜《桃花源记》对现实有深刻批判。桃花源中人的生活,与外界并无太大分别,一样是“往来耕作”,“屋舍俨然”,所不同的是,桃花源居民能和睦相处,“怡然自乐”。桃花源中似乎没有村社一类的基层组织,又因与世隔绝,外界一切机构组织都无由对之施用权力,人们生活在自由自在的状态中。文章寓意是,外界社会赖以支撑的社会制度,恰恰是人们不能幸福美满生活的根源,一切政治、制度、机构都是多余的,乃是破坏和平安宁的根源。<br> 陶渊明曾经说过:“盛年不重来,一日难再晨。及时当勉励,岁月不待人。”《千字文》中也有“尺璧非宝,寸阴是竞”的格言。<br> <span style=\"color: #ff8c00;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">作品</span></span><br> 梁昭明太子萧统搜求陶渊明遗世作品,编为《陶渊明集》七卷录一卷,并为之作传、序。<br> <strong>诗</strong><br> 五言诗:《归园田居》、《和郭主簿》、《于西获早稻》、《怀古田舍》、《桃花源》并序(序被通称为《桃花源记》)、《饮酒》二十首并序、《止酒》、《责子》、《述酒》、《蜡日》、《杂诗》十二首、《咏贫士》、《咏荆轲》、《读山海经》十三首、《挽歌诗》三首等。<br> <strong>辞赋</strong><br> 《感士不遇赋》并序、《闲情赋》、《归去来兮辞》并序。<br> <strong>文</strong><br> 《五柳先生传》寄托文章的方式来展现自己的个性情怀,其文章洒脱自然,如文章所说:“无怀氏之民欤,葛天氏之民欤。”或许五柳先生就像无怀氏、葛天氏那时代的人吧!《晋古征西大将军长史孟府君传》、《扇上画赞》、《读史述九章》、《与子俨等疏》、《祭程氏妹文》、《祭从弟敬员文》、《自祭文》。<br> <strong>小说</strong><br> 成书于南朝的志怪小说《捜神后记》十卷旧题为陶潜撰。鲁迅认为“陶潜旷达未必拳拳于鬼神,盖伪托也”。<br> <strong>伪托</strong><br> 北齐阳休之编陶潜集十卷中收入《五孝传》、《四八目》。纪晓岚《四库总目提要》指出《五孝传》、《四八目》是伪托。<br> <strong>文学影响</strong><br> * 陶渊明流传至今的作品有诗一百二十余首,另有文、赋等,人们将他称作“田园诗人”。他最著名的作品为《桃花源记》,描述了一个他所憧憬的桃花源社会,和谐美好且没有战乱,自食其力的社会。使得桃花源与乌托邦齐名,都代表了一个美好的幻想。<br> * 陶渊明诗歌表现出蔑视权贵、遗世独立的气节,朴实自然的诗风,对后世诗歌的创作影响大而深远。个性分明,情感真挚,平淡质朴,不大用典,简洁含蓄,“质而实绮,臞而实腴”,富有意境和哲理,主观写意,杂有儒、道各家思想。除了传统儒家思想外,也深受了道家思想的影响。陶诗“通篇浑厚,难以句摘”,不致力于锤炼,写来天真自然。<br> * 陶渊明的诗在南北朝时影响不大。刘勰着《文心雕龙》,对陶渊明只字未提。锺嵘《诗品》虽列之为中品,却推之为古今隐逸诗人之宗,后世对陶诗评价甚高,唐宋以后对陶诗更推崇备至。认为其诗“其源出于应璩”。梁代昭明太子萧统对陶渊明推崇备至:“其文章不群,词采精拔,跌宕昭彰,独超众类。抑扬爽朗,莫之与京”。《文选》收录陶渊明的诗文十余首,是作品被收录较多的作者。<br> * 陶渊明的田园隐逸诗,对唐宋诗人有很大的影响。杜甫诗云:“宽心应是酒,遣兴莫过诗,此意陶潜解,吾生后汝期”。宋代诗人苏东坡对陶潜有很高的评价:“渊明诗初看似散缓,熟看有奇句。……大率才高意远,则所寓得其妙,造语精到之至,遂能如此。似大匠运斤,不见斧凿之痕。”又云:“质而实绮,癯而实腴。”苏东坡更作《和陶止酒》、《和陶连雨独饮二首》,《和陶劝农五首》、《和陶九日闲居》、《和陶拟古九首》、《和陶杂诗十一首》、《和陶赠羊长吏》、《和陶停云四首》、《和陶形赠影》、《和陶影答形》、《和陶刘柴桑》、《和陶酬刘柴桑》、《和陶郭主簿》等109篇和陶诗,可见陶渊明对苏东坡影响之深。且唐代山水田园派代表性诗人孟浩然非常崇拜陶潜,风格与其极为相似。<br> * 元代戏曲家马致远,因仰慕陶渊明而自号“东篱”,后人辑散曲集为《东篱乐府》。<br> <strong>子嗣</strong><br> 陶渊明有五子陶俨(小名阿舒)、陶俟(小名阿宣)、陶份(小名阿雍)、陶佚(小名阿端)、陶佟(小名阿通),阿雍、阿端是挛生兄弟,另有一女,名字与排行皆不详。曾于《责子诗》中感叹:“虽有五男儿,总不好纸笔。阿舒已二八,懒惰故无匹。阿宣行志学,而不爱文术。雍端年十三,不识六与七。通子垂九龄,但念梨与栗。天运苟如此,且进杯中物。”及《和刘柴桑》中提及:[弱女虽非男,慰情良胜无。”除长子阿雍为陈氏所生,其他皆为崔氏所生。<br> <strong>轶事</strong><br> 白衣送酒:一年重阳,陶渊明无酒可饮,在篱边怅望许久,忽有白衣人奉王弘命,为其送酒,陶渊明接过便喝,醉后便归。</p>","status":0,"pv":274,"link":"","createdAt":"2024-09-27T02:06:09.000Z","updatedAt":"2025-01-21T23:30:39.000Z","field":{},"tags":[{"id":1,"path":"lishirenwu","name":"历史人物"}]}
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