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article------>{"id":16,"cid":1,"subCid":null,"title":"王阳明(王守仁)","shortTitle":"","tagId":"2,1","attr":"1,2,3,4","articleView":"","source":"","author":"","description":"","img":"","content":"<p>王守仁(1472年10月31日-1529年1月9日),幼名云,字伯安,号阳明子,谥文成。浙江余姚县(今浙江省宁波余姚市)人。明代著名的思想家、哲学家、书法家兼军事家、教育家,官至南京兵部尚书、都察院左都御史,因平定宸濠之乱等军功而封爵新建伯,隆庆时追赠侯爵。王守仁是陆王心学之集大成者,不但精通儒、释、道三教,而且能统军征战,是中国历史上罕见的全能大儒。<br> 因他曾在贵阳修文阳明洞天居住,自号“阳明子”,故被学者称为“阳明先生”,后世一般称王阳明,其学说世称“阳明学”,在中国、日本、朝鲜半岛都有重要而深远的影响。<br> <strong>童年</strong><br> 王阳明于明宪宗成化八年九月三十日(1472年10月31日)出生于一个书香门第、官宦世家,家族自称是东晋丞相王导的后裔。其父王华,成化十七年(1481年)状元,为官颇有情操,为明孝宗器用,历任礼部侍郎。正德年间因得罪刘瑾,被外派南京吏部尚书,又被贬职,之后被罢免。据《年谱》记载,王守仁出生前夕祖母梦见有人从云中送子来,梦醒时他刚好出生,祖父王伦便为他起名叫王云,乡中人亦称其降生处为“瑞云楼”。然而,他到了五岁还不会说话,一天一位奇特的人经过,抚摸他的头说“好个孩儿,可惜道破”,意指他的名字“云”道破了他出生的秘密。其祖父恍然醒悟,遂更其名为守仁,此后他便开口说话了。和通常的书香门第不同,年轻的王守仁则经常跟从父亲出游居庸关、山海关,并时常出关外,纵览山川地理。<br> <strong>宦途</strong><br> 十七岁时,他到南昌与诸养和之女诸氏成婚,可在结婚的当天,大家都找不到他。原来这天他闲逛中进了主奉道教旌阳真君的铁柱宫,遇见一道士在那里打坐,他就向道士请教,道士给他讲了一回养生学,他便与道士相对静坐忘归,直到第二天岳父才把他唤回去。十八岁时,与夫人诸氏归余姚,船过广信,王阳明拜谒娄谅。娄谅向他讲授“格物致知”之学,王阳明甚喜。之后他遍读朱熹的著作,思考宋儒所谓“物有表里精粗,一草一木皆具至理”的学说。为了实践朱熹的“格物致知”,有一次他下决心穷竹之理,“格”了七天七夜的竹子,什么都没有发现,人却因此病倒。从此,王阳明对“格物”学说产生了极大的怀疑,这就是中国哲学史上著名的“守仁格竹”。<br> 二十岁时,王守仁第一次参加乡试,中举人,之后的他更加适才讨论军事,并且善于射箭。然而,二十二岁时考进士不中,内阁首辅李东阳对其笑道:“你这次不中,来科必中状元,试作来科状元赋。”王阳明悬笔立就,朝中诸老惊为天才。嫉妒者议论说,这个年轻人若中了上第,必然目中无人。二十五岁再考时被忌者所压,又未考中。同学中有人以不中举为耻者,他笑道:“汝以不得第为耻,吾以不得第动心为耻。”二十七岁,他在读朱熹的《上光宗疏》,读到讲到:“居敬持志为读书之本,循序致精为读书之法。”于是王阳明开始懊悔以前读书虽然勤奋却无所得,都是因为自己过于贪图读书的速度。于是他开始循序以求,但终于认识到“物理吾心,终判为二”,以致旧病又复发,这时见到有道士谈养生之说便因之而喜。<br> 弘治十二年(1499年),二十八岁的王守仁参加礼部会试,举南宫第二人,殿试赐二甲第七名进士,观政工部。出使治葬前威宁伯王越,还朝后上奏谈论西北边疆防备等八件事情,随后授刑部主事,在江北等地决断囚狱,随后因病请求归乡。久之,起用授兵部主事。<br> 明武宗正德元年(1506年)冬,宦官刘瑾擅政,并逮捕南京给事中御史戴铣等二十余人。王守仁上疏论救,而触怒刘瑾,被施廷杖四十,谪贬至贵州龙场(贵阳西北七十里,修文县治)当龙场驿驿丞,沿途为了躲避刘瑾派来的刺客,他还假装跳水自尽,逃过追杀的王守仁暗中到南京面见父亲王华,王华对他说:“既然朝廷委命于你,就有责任在身,你还是上任去吧。随后来到中国西南山区,龙场万山丛勃,苗、僚杂居。王守仁亲自劝导当地民众学习,受到民众爱戴。在这个时期,他对《大学》的中心思想有了新的领悟。王守仁认为,心是万事万物的根本,世界上的一切都是心的产物,认识到“圣人之道,吾性自足,向之求理于事物者误也”。他在这段时期写了“教条示龙场诸生”,史称龙场悟道。其众多弟子对于他的“心外无理,心外无物”理论迷惑不解,向他请教说:南山里的花树自开自落,与我心有何关系?他回答说:“尔未看此花时,此花与尔心同归于寂。尔来看此花时,则此花颜色,一时明白起来。便知此花,不在尔的心外。”<br> 不久,刘瑾被诛杀,王守仁升为庐陵县令,再升南京刑部主事,吏部尚书杨一清改其供职于验封司。此后他屡次升迁,历任考功司郎中。正德七年(1511年),任南京太仆寺少卿。正德九年,改鸿胪寺卿。<br> <strong>平定江西</strong><br> 正德十一年(1516年),兵部尚书王琼举荐王守仁为都察院左佥都御史,巡抚南赣。当时,江西南部以及江西、福建、广东交界的山区爆发民变。谢志山据横水、左溪、桶冈,池仲容据浰头,皆称王,与大庾陈曰能、乐昌高快马、郴州龚福全等进攻府县。而福建大帽山詹师富等又发生暴乱。前任巡抚文森托病离任。山民依靠山地据洞筑寨,自建军队,方圆近千里。<br> 正德十三年(1518年)正月,王守仁平定池仲容(池大鬓)部,奏请设立和平县,并兴修县学。三月,守仁抵达江西莅任。他迅速调集三省兵力,镇压了信丰等地的民变。七月,王守仁念战争破坏巨大,上奏请求朝廷允准招安。明廷遂赐以节度地方军政,准其便宜行事。十月,王守仁率兵攻破实力最强的江西崇义县左溪蓝天凤、谢志山军寨,并会师于左溪。王守仁并亲自前往劝降。十一月,王守仁遣使招安,并攻破蓝天凤部。<br> <strong>擒获宁王</strong><br> 王守仁一生最大的军事功绩,是平定南昌的宁王宸濠之乱。王守仁将去福建剿匪时(无大量军队),所率部队行军刚到丰城,宁王朱宸濠突然举事。因此王守仁积极备战,调配军粮,修治器械,然后发出讨贼檄文,公布宁王的罪状,要求各地起兵勤王。<br> 当时,王守仁最为担心者,就是宁王挥师东下,占领故都南京金陵。如果南京失守,宁王就有了称帝的资本,同时也占了地利,那就不容易消灭了。王守仁虚张声势,利用假宣传假情报,扰乱宁王的视线,逼他做出错误的判断,以为各路大军已经组成合围态势。同时使用反间计,使宁王猜疑自己部下的进攻南京策略。宁王果然上当,有半个月时间犹豫观望、不知所措,没敢发兵攻打南京。王守仁利用这一时机,做好了防守南京的准备,使宁王欲攻南京,已无可能。<br> 七月,宁王率六万士卒,攻下九江、南康,渡长江攻安庆。王守仁这时已经调集了八万大军(主要成分为杂牌兵,包含各地民兵,农民及土匪),对外号称三十万。有人指出应该急救安庆,王守仁说:“现在九江、南康已经被敌军占领,如果我们越过南昌跨江救援安庆,就会腹背受敌。现在南昌空虚,我军锐气正盛,可以一举攻破。敌军听说南昌失守,定会回师来救,这时我们在鄱阳湖迎击他,肯定能取得胜利。”<br> 南昌很快攻破,停了两日,王守仁便派诸将分五路迎击回援南昌的宁王大军。四路分兵迎进,一路设伏。交战以后,宁王大军很快腹背受敌,被分割成几部分,后又中了埋伏,惨遭大败,溃逃退守八字脑地区。宁王眼观局势不妙,急忙调九江、南康的精锐部队出击,王守仁派几路大军迎战并取南康。<br> 这一仗打得相当激烈,是关键的一战。官军一度退却,王守仁部将吉安知府伍文定立即斩杀了后退之人,命令诸军一决死战。最后终于打败了宁王军,宁王军退保樵舍地区,将大船结成方阵,宁王拿出金银珠宝犒赏将士,要求他们死力一搏。<br> 但宁王军的方阵被王守仁看出破绽,他决定仿效鄱阳湖之战,放火烧船。第二天,宁王群臣聚集在一起,正在船上召开“早朝”会议,王守仁大军杀到,用小船装草,迎风纵火,烧毁了宁王的副船,王妃娄氏以下的宫人以及文武官员们纷纷跳水自杀。宁王的大船搁浅,不能行动,仓促间换乘小船逃命,被王阳明的部下王冕部追上擒获,宁王的其它文武大臣也成了阶下囚。不久,南康、九江也被官军攻陷,宁王之乱全面平息,前后只有三十五天时间。王守仁因此而获“大明军神”之称。<br> 后来,明武宗以“威武大将军朱寿”之化名出征,江彬有意释放宁王,让武宗与宁王打一仗并亲自俘获,借此讨好皇上。王阳明对宦官张永动之以情、晓之以理,说明这样做会死更多人。最后协调结果是:让明武宗到了南京,再放出宁王让皇帝俘虏,高兴一下。<br> <strong>平宁王《记功碑》全文:</strong><br> 正德己卯,六月乙亥,宸濠以南昌叛,称兵向阙。破南康、九江,攻安庆,远近震动。<br> 七月辛亥,臣守仁以列郡之兵复南昌,宸濠擒,余党悉定。当是时,天子闻变赫怒,亲统六师临讨,遂俘宸濠以归。<br> 于赫皇威,神武不杀。如霆之震,靡击而折。神器有归,孰敢窥窃。天鉴于宸濠,式昭皇灵,以嘉靖我邦国。<br> 正德庚辰正月晦,都督军务都御史,王守仁书。从征官属列于左方。<br> <strong>军功封爵</strong><br> 正德十六年正德皇帝朱厚照去世,新皇帝朱厚熜继帝位,因念王阳明平定宁王之乱,特敕封其为新建伯兼南京兵部尚书、照旧参赞机务,并于嘉靖二年在绍兴开府。<br> 明朝除了皇亲国戚之外,无军功不得享爵位,文官封爵屈指可数,王阳明是明朝开国以来第二位因军功封爵的文官,南京兵部尚书挂参赞机务衔与镇守太监、南京守备共同负责南京军务。<br> <strong>总督两广</strong><br> 明世宗嘉靖六年(1527年),两广事变起,都御史姚镆无力解决,嘉靖赐姚镆致仕,任命王守仁以原职南京兵部尚书兼都察院左都御史总督两广军务,征剿瑶族和僮族民变。嘉靖七年二月,王守仁率湖广兵抵达南宁,而卢苏、王受刚归降,愿意立功自赎。王守仁于是派遣大臣商议,并命湖广佥事汪溱、广西副使翁素、佥事吴天挺及参将张经、都指挥谢佩监湖广土兵,袭剿断藤峡叛军。此后仍然总督分永顺兵进剿牛肠等寨,保靖兵进剿六寺等寨,约好以四月初二各至抵达地点。<br> 当时,叛军听闻明军檄湖广土兵抵达,均逃匿深险之中;又听闻卢苏、王受归降,王守仁进驻南宁,故以为王守仁以散遣诸兵布阵,于是防备弛缓。至此,湖广兵皆偃旗卧鼓驰马抵达,与明军一同突进,四面夹击。叛军大败,于是退守保仙女大山,据险结寨。官军攀木缘崖仰攻,并随后连连攻破油榨、石壁、大陂等地,直击断藤峡。随后王守仁密檄诸将移兵剿仙台等贼,分永顺兵、保靖兵各自进剿,约定在五月十三日抵达巢穴。叛军退守永安力山,仍然被王守仁大军围困进攻而大败,后溃军均为防截参将沈希仪等所擒。至此,断藤叛军几乎全尽。<br> 此役前后擒斩三千余人,两江彻底安定。王守仁班师,上疏举荐林富为都御史,巡抚其地,诸位将领各自均论功褒赏。<br> <strong>病逝归途</strong><br> 两广役后,阳明肺病加疾,上疏乞归。后自知等不及,不等朝廷许可即归。 嘉靖七年十一月二十九日(丁卯)(1529年1月9日),阳明病逝于江西省南安舟中。在临终之际,他身边学生问他有何遗言,他说:“此心光明,亦复何言!”<br> 卒后,朝廷予谥文成,赠光禄大夫、柱国、新建伯,隆庆时追封侯爵,称新建侯。万历十二年从祀于孔庙。<br> <strong>哲学思想</strong><br> 王守仁留有三本传世之作《传习录》、《阳明全书》(即《王文成公全书》)三十八卷(门人所辑)、 《大学问》。《大学问》被认为是王阳明最重要的哲学著作。<br> <strong>阳明学</strong><br> 王守仁继承陆九渊强调“心即是理”之思想,反对程颐朱熹通过事事物物追求“至理”的“格物致知”方法,因为事理无穷无尽,格之则未免烦累,故提倡从自己内心中去寻找“理”,认为“理”全在人“心”,“理”化生宇宙天地万物,人秉其秀气,故人心自秉其精要。<br> 在知与行的关系上,强调要知,更要行,知中有行,行中有知,所谓“知行合一”,二者互为表里,不可分离。知必然要表现为行,不行则不能算真知。<br> <strong>《大学问》</strong><br> 《大学问》是王阳明的主要哲学论着,反映了他的世界观。“大学者,昔儒以为大人之学矣。敢问大人之学何以在于明明德乎?”阳明子曰:“大人者,以天地万物为一体者也。其视天下犹一家,中国犹一人焉。若夫间形骸而分尔我者,小人矣。大人之能以天地万物为一体也,非意之也,其心之仁本若是,其与天地万物而为一也。岂惟大人,虽小人之心亦莫不然,彼顾自小之耳。是故见孺子之入井而必有怵惕恻隐之心焉,是其仁之与孺子而为一体也,孺子犹同类者也;见鸟兽之哀鸣觳觫而必有不忍之心焉,是其仁之与鸟兽而为一体也,鸟兽犹有知觉者也;见草木之摧折而必有悯恤之心焉,是其仁之与草木而为一体也,草木犹有生意者也;见瓦石之毁坏而必有顾惜之心焉,是其仁之与瓦石而为一体也。是其一体之仁也,虽小人之心亦必有之,是乃根于天命之性,而自然灵昭不昧者也,是故谓之“明德”。小人之心既已分隔隘陋矣,而其一体之仁犹能不昧若此者,是其未动于欲,而未蔽于私之时也。及其动于欲,蔽于私,而利害相攻,忿怒相激,则将戕物圮类,无所不为其甚,至有骨肉相残者,而一体之仁亡矣。是故苟无私欲之蔽,则虽小人之心,而其一体之仁犹大人也;一有私欲之蔽,则虽大人之心,而其分隔隘陋犹小人矣。故夫为大人之学者,亦惟去其私欲之蔽,以明其明德,复其天地万物一体之本然而已耳。非能于本体之外,而有所增益之也。”<br> <strong>戒慎保真</strong><br> 人性本善,良知现成,但要懂得戒慎恐惧,所谓“慎独”(独处时犹如在大庭广众前,言行、思想均合乎礼仪),“如临深渊、如履薄冰”,没有丝毫不善夹杂,“非礼勿视,非礼勿听,非礼勿言,非礼勿动,”使心灵不受任何染污,这样良知自能百发百中。王阳明解释说:“夫心之本体,即天理也。天理之昭明灵觉,所谓良知也。君子戒惧之功,无时或间(间断),则天理长存,而其昭明灵觉之本体,自无所昏蔽,自无所牵扰,自无所歉馁愧怍,动容周旋而中礼(合乎礼节),从心所欲而不逾(矩),斯乃所谓真洒落矣。是洒落生于天理之常存,天理常存生于戒慎恐惧之无间(间断)。孰谓敬畏之心反为洒落累(牵累)耶?”<br> <strong>王阳明四句教</strong><br> “无善无恶心之体,有善有恶意之动,知善知恶是良知,为善去恶是格物。”(四句教)<br> <strong>文学</strong><br> 王阳明的文学成就也很高,但往往被其事功、哲学所掩盖。《古文观止》中收录有王阳明的名篇《瘗旅文》、《教条示龙场诸生》、《象祠记》。其中《教条示龙场诸生》又入选香港中小学课本[来源请求]。<br> 《四库全书》中有评论曰:“守仁勋业气节,卓然见诸施行,而为文博大昌达,诗亦秀逸有致,不独事功可称,其文章自足传世也。”<br> 王阳明早年作诗刻意求工整,晚年融会哲理。王世贞《书王文成集后》评:“伯安之为诗,少年有意求工,而为才所使,不能深造而衷于法;晚年尽举而归之道,而尚为少年意象所牵,率不能深融而出于自然。其自负若两得。”<br> <strong>书法</strong><br> 王阳明在书法上亦可称为明代大家。作品以行草为主。王阳明将心学融入书法,丰富了中国的书法理论。<br><img src=\"https://www.yanyuzhai.cn/uploads/allimg/1805/1-1P5061230591H.jpg\" alt=\"王阳明与郑邦瑞尺牍\" style=\"width: 600px; height: 191px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;\"><br> <strong>门派</strong><br> 阳明学在现代中国仍有广泛影响。现代新儒学的开山祖师之一熊十力,及其弟子牟宗三都继承并发展了阳明学。著名学者徐梵澄经过几十年对中国、印度、欧洲思想研究以后,在晚年也对陆王心学赞誉有加(见《陆王学述》收录于《徐梵澄文集》第一卷,上海三联书店出版社)。中国大陆的当代学者蒋庆也对阳明赞誉有加(见《政治儒学》一书)。蒋中正是王阳明学说的信徒,并因此将台北草山改名为阳明山。此外,据传日本近代的著名军事家东乡平八郎,为王阳明学说所折服,随身腰牌上刻有七字"一生伏首拜阳明"。</p>","status":0,"pv":367,"link":"","createdAt":"2024-12-04T13:28:57.000Z","updatedAt":"2025-01-22T03:12:12.000Z","field":{},"tags":[{"id":1,"path":"lishirenwu","name":"历史人物"},{"id":2,"path":"renwugushi","name":"人物故事"}]}
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pre------>{"id":15,"title":"王安石","name":"历史人物","path":"/lishirenwu"}
next------>{"id":17,"title":"韩信","name":"历史人物","path":"/lishirenwu"}