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六才子书之西厢记

2025-01-22 07:31:16 阅读(202)

《西厢记》是中国《六才子书》之一。最早取材于唐代诗人元稹所写的传奇《会真记》(又名《莺莺传》),后被元代王实甫改编为杂剧(此前有宋人赵令畤以此题材作《商调蝶恋花鼓子词》,金人董解元作《西厢记诸宫调》,然影响力均远不如杂剧《西厢记》),被称为“元杂剧的压卷之作”,对中国的语言、文化等各个方面皆颇有影响。
西厢记  西厢记的故事题材最早来自唐代诗人元稹所写的传奇《会真记》(又名《莺莺传》),描写他自己“以张生自寓,述其亲历之境”。讲述他在“有僧舍曰普救寺”中,和一美丽女子“天之所命尤物”名“莺莺”邂逅,认为自己“善补过”,“智者不为,为之者不惑”。
  唐代以后,这个爱情故事的结局,令许多人感到遗憾和不满,斥责张生为“薄情年少如飞絮”。逐渐在民间流传并将结局改变,宋代有赵令畤所作商调蝶恋花鼓子词,其情节基本同于《莺莺传》,但对张生的态度变为谴责。宋代以后,由于北方游牧民族不断入侵和汉族同化,封建礼法观念在普通人民中间逐渐淡化,金代出现了董解元(良)(一说为董琅)所写的《西厢记诸宫调》,诸宫调是当时的一种说唱艺术,类似现代的评弹,用琵琶和筝伴奏,边说边唱。这本《西厢记》将内容大为增加,加入许多人物和场景,最后结局改为张生和莺莺不顾老夫人之命,求助于白马将军,由其做主完婚。
  元代时王实甫基本根据这部诸宫调将《西厢记》改编成多人演出的戏剧剧本,使故事情节更加紧凑,融合了古典诗词,文学性大大提高,但将结尾改成老夫人妥协,答应其婚事,大团圆结局。这部剧本作者说法不一,有人说是关汉卿所作,也有人说是关作王续,或王作关续,王作无名氏续,但认为是王实甫所作的说法比较公认。
  王实甫原作使用北曲,也称为《北西厢》。李景云有传奇戏曲《崔莺莺西厢记》,已失传。崔时佩、李日华着有《南西厢记》,人物情节与《北西厢》相同,曲文亦多沿袭王实甫《西厢记》。陆采对李日华《南西厢记》不满意,重编《北西厢》为《南西厢曲》。
  故事梗概
  在山西普救寺借宿的书生张珙(字君瑞),偶遇扶柩回乡在寺中西厢借住的原崔相国的女儿崔莺莺,由于互相吟诗而产生爱慕。叛将孙飞虎带手下慕名围寺,要强抢崔莺莺,三日之内若不交出莺莺,“伽蓝尽皆焚烧,僧俗寸斩,不留一个”。莺莺的母亲老夫人郑氏宣称谁能救他女儿就将女儿许配他,张生向他一位故旧“白马将军”蒲州杜太守写了一封求救信,由一位僧人(惠明)突出包围送出,杜太守发兵解围。过后老夫人因门第不当悔婚,只是赠金并让莺莺拜张生为义兄以谢搭救。张生在悲恸之下患病,莺莺也大为伤痛,后来在莺莺的丫鬟红娘的帮助下,两人暗通书信,并最终成功幽会。最后私情被老夫人发现,欲责罚二人,但由于红娘据理力争,无可奈何之下,老夫人命令张生上京赶考,如能蟾宫折桂(成为状元)便真的把莺莺许配与他,于是张生进京赴试,考中并回来迎娶莺莺,有情人终成眷属。
  艺术成就
  《西厢记》有人举之为元代最佳杂剧,剧情曲折,善于塑造人物,能因应不同人物的身份写出不同的曲词或宾白,突出地展示人物的心灵活动。《西厢记》又善于描摹景物,酝酿气氛,衬托人物的内心活动。
  《西厢记》打破元杂剧一人独唱的成规,改为可由多人对唱。元剧惯例一本四折,间或一本五、六折,《西厢记》则全剧共五本廿一折,铺叙组织之功,突过前人。《西厢记》融化古诗词中优美的词句,提炼民间生动活泼的口语,熔铸成自然华美的曲词,文辞优美清丽。
  文化影响
  《西厢记》剧本完成后,迅速流行,几乎中国所有几百个剧种都以其为原本上演过这部戏,以后的许多著作都提过这部剧本,《红楼梦》中的主人公贾宝玉和林黛玉都引用过这部剧本中的原词“银样镴枪头”,“若共你多情小姐同鸳帐,怎舍得叠被铺床”等,但都表现出是市间流传,大家公子不允许读的态度。《西厢记》中许多人物都是民间耳熟能详的,“红娘”更成为汉语语言中“媒人”的代名词,甚至成功的中介都被称为“红娘”。以后有许多故事和剧本受其影响,开始表现基于爱情,冲破“门当户对”的封建礼教观念的美满婚姻或悲剧,如《梁山伯与祝英台》《牛郎织女》《天仙配》《宝莲灯》等。《西厢记》可以说是首开先河,在世界上是第一部表现纯爱情的长篇作品,艺术成就甚高。

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article------>{"id":23,"cid":2,"subCid":null,"title":"六才子书之西厢记","shortTitle":"","tagId":"","attr":"","articleView":"","source":"","author":"","description":"","img":"","content":"<article class=\"post-532 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-1\">\n<div class=\"post-inner group\">\n<div class=\"entry\">\n<div class=\"entry-inner\">《西厢记》是中国《六才子书》之一。最早取材于唐代诗人元稹所写的传奇《会真记》(又名《莺莺传》),后被元代王实甫改编为杂剧(此前有宋人赵令畤以此题材作《商调蝶恋花鼓子词》,金人董解元作《西厢记诸宫调》,然影响力均远不如杂剧《西厢记》),被称为&ldquo;元杂剧的压卷之作&rdquo;,对中国的语言、文化等各个方面皆颇有影响。<br><img src=\"https://www.yanyuzhai.cn/uploads/allimg/1902/1-1Z223115Hc18.jpg\" alt=\"西厢记\" style=\"width: 350px; height: 302px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; float: left;\">  西厢记的故事题材最早来自唐代诗人元稹所写的传奇《会真记》(又名《莺莺传》),描写他自己&ldquo;以张生自寓,述其亲历之境&rdquo;。讲述他在&ldquo;有僧舍曰普救寺&rdquo;中,和一美丽女子&ldquo;天之所命尤物&rdquo;名&ldquo;莺莺&rdquo;邂逅,认为自己&ldquo;善补过&rdquo;,&ldquo;智者不为,为之者不惑&rdquo;。<br>  唐代以后,这个爱情故事的结局,令许多人感到遗憾和不满,斥责张生为&ldquo;薄情年少如飞絮&rdquo;。逐渐在民间流传并将结局改变,宋代有赵令畤所作商调蝶恋花鼓子词,其情节基本同于《莺莺传》,但对张生的态度变为谴责。宋代以后,由于北方游牧民族不断入侵和汉族同化,封建礼法观念在普通人民中间逐渐淡化,金代出现了董解元(良)(一说为董琅)所写的《西厢记诸宫调》,诸宫调是当时的一种说唱艺术,类似现代的评弹,用琵琶和筝伴奏,边说边唱。这本《西厢记》将内容大为增加,加入许多人物和场景,最后结局改为张生和莺莺不顾老夫人之命,求助于白马将军,由其做主完婚。<br>  元代时王实甫基本根据这部诸宫调将《西厢记》改编成多人演出的戏剧剧本,使故事情节更加紧凑,融合了古典诗词,文学性大大提高,但将结尾改成老夫人妥协,答应其婚事,大团圆结局。这部剧本作者说法不一,有人说是关汉卿所作,也有人说是关作王续,或王作关续,王作无名氏续,但认为是王实甫所作的说法比较公认。<br>  王实甫原作使用北曲,也称为《北西厢》。李景云有传奇戏曲《崔莺莺西厢记》,已失传。崔时佩、李日华着有《南西厢记》,人物情节与《北西厢》相同,曲文亦多沿袭王实甫《西厢记》。陆采对李日华《南西厢记》不满意,重编《北西厢》为《南西厢曲》。<br>  <strong>故事梗概</strong><br>  在山西普救寺借宿的书生张珙(字君瑞),偶遇扶柩回乡在寺中西厢借住的原崔相国的女儿崔莺莺,由于互相吟诗而产生爱慕。叛将孙飞虎带手下慕名围寺,要强抢崔莺莺,三日之内若不交出莺莺,&ldquo;伽蓝尽皆焚烧,僧俗寸斩,不留一个&rdquo;。莺莺的母亲老夫人郑氏宣称谁能救他女儿就将女儿许配他,张生向他一位故旧&ldquo;白马将军&rdquo;蒲州杜太守写了一封求救信,由一位僧人(惠明)突出包围送出,杜太守发兵解围。过后老夫人因门第不当悔婚,只是赠金并让莺莺拜张生为义兄以谢搭救。张生在悲恸之下患病,莺莺也大为伤痛,后来在莺莺的丫鬟红娘的帮助下,两人暗通书信,并最终成功幽会。最后私情被老夫人发现,欲责罚二人,但由于红娘据理力争,无可奈何之下,老夫人命令张生上京赶考,如能蟾宫折桂(成为状元)便真的把莺莺许配与他,于是张生进京赴试,考中并回来迎娶莺莺,有情人终成眷属。<br>  <strong>艺术成就</strong><br>  《西厢记》有人举之为元代最佳杂剧,剧情曲折,善于塑造人物,能因应不同人物的身份写出不同的曲词或宾白,突出地展示人物的心灵活动。《西厢记》又善于描摹景物,酝酿气氛,衬托人物的内心活动。<br>  《西厢记》打破元杂剧一人独唱的成规,改为可由多人对唱。元剧惯例一本四折,间或一本五、六折,《西厢记》则全剧共五本廿一折,铺叙组织之功,突过前人。《西厢记》融化古诗词中优美的词句,提炼民间生动活泼的口语,熔铸成自然华美的曲词,文辞优美清丽。<br>  <strong>文化影响</strong><br>  《西厢记》剧本完成后,迅速流行,几乎中国所有几百个剧种都以其为原本上演过这部戏,以后的许多著作都提过这部剧本,《红楼梦》中的主人公贾宝玉和林黛玉都引用过这部剧本中的原词&ldquo;银样镴枪头&rdquo;,&ldquo;若共你多情小姐同鸳帐,怎舍得叠被铺床&rdquo;等,但都表现出是市间流传,大家公子不允许读的态度。《西厢记》中许多人物都是民间耳熟能详的,&ldquo;红娘&rdquo;更成为汉语语言中&ldquo;媒人&rdquo;的代名词,甚至成功的中介都被称为&ldquo;红娘&rdquo;。以后有许多故事和剧本受其影响,开始表现基于爱情,冲破&ldquo;门当户对&rdquo;的封建礼教观念的美满婚姻或悲剧,如《梁山伯与祝英台》《牛郎织女》《天仙配》《宝莲灯》等。《西厢记》可以说是首开先河,在世界上是第一部表现纯爱情的长篇作品,艺术成就甚高。\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"page-nav\" style=\"float: right;\"> </div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"jiathis_style_24x24\"><a class=\"jiathis_button_qzone\"></a> <a class=\"jiathis_button_tsina\"></a> <a class=\"jiathis_button_tqq\"></a> <a class=\"jiathis_button_weixin\"></a> <a class=\"jiathis_button_renren\"></a> <a href=\"http://www.jiathis.com/share\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"jiathis jiathis_txt jtico jtico_jiathis\" rel=\"noopener\"></a></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</article>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"pagess\"> </div>","status":0,"pv":202,"link":"","createdAt":"2024-12-04T14:06:09.000Z","updatedAt":"2025-01-21T23:31:16.000Z","field":{},"tags":[]}

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