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article------>{"id":25,"cid":2,"subCid":"","title":"第八计 暗渡陈仓","shortTitle":"","tagId":"","attr":"2","articleView":"","source":"","author":"","description":"","img":"","content":"<p> 示之以动①,利其静而有主,“益动而巽②”。<br> 【注释】<br> ①示之以动:示,给人看。动,此指军事上的正面佯攻、佯动等迷惑敌方的军事行动。<br> ②益动而巽:语出《易经.益》卦。益,卦名。此卦为异卦相叠(震下巽上)。上卦为巽,巽为风;下卦为震,震为雷。意即风雷激荡,其势愈增,故卦名为益。与损卦之义,互相对立,构成一个统一的组纷。《益卦》的《彖》辞说:“益动而巽,日进无疆。”这是说益卦下震为雷为动,上巽为风为顺,那么,动而合理,是天生地长,好处无穷。<br> 【按语】<br> 奇出于正,无正不能出奇。不明修栈道,则不能暗渡陈仓。昔邓艾屯白水之北;姜维遥廖化屯白水之南,而结营焉。艾谓诸将日:“维令卒还,吾军少,法当来渡,而不作桥,此维使化持我.令不得还。必自东袭取洮城矣。”艾即夜潜军,径到洮城。维果来渡。而艾先至,据城,得以不破。此则是姜维不善用暗渡陈仓之计;而邓艾察知其声东击西之谋也。<br><img src=\"https://www.yanyuzhai.cn/uploads/allimg/1909/1-1Z923010222T7.jpg\" alt=\"暗渡陈仓\" style=\"width: 350px; height: 249px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; float: left;\"> 【解义】<br> 这则按语讲出了“奇”“正”的辩证关系。奇正相互对立,又相互联系。孙子田:“凡战者,以正合,以奇胜。”所谓“正”,指的是兵法中的常规原则;所谓“奇”,指的是与常规原则相对而言的灵活用兵之法。其实,奇正也可以互相转化。比如说,“明修找通,暗渡陈仓”,写入兵书,此法可以说由奇变为正,而适时的正面强攻又可能转化为奇了。邓艾识破姜维“暗渡陈仓”之计,认定姜维派廖化屯白水之南,不过是想迷惑自己,目的是袭取洪城,等姜淮偷袭洪城时,邓艾已严阵已待了。邓艾懂得兵法中奇正互变的道理,识破姜维之计。由此可见,对于熟悉兵法的人来说,战场上千变万化,使用各种计谋,必须审时度势,机械搬用某种计谋,是难以成功的。<br> 此计是利用敌人被我“示之以动”的迷惑手段所蒙蔽,而我即乘虚而入,以达军事上的出奇制胜。此计与“声东击西”计有相似之处,都有迷惑敌人、隐蔽进攻的作用。二者的不同处是:声东击西,隐蔽的是攻击点;暗渡陈仓,隐蔽的是攻击路线。<br> 【出处】<br> 此计首见于汉大将军韩信之用。“明修栈道,暗渡陈仓”是古代战争史上的著名成功战例。<br> 秦朝末年,政治腐败,群雄并起,纷纷反秦。刘邦的部队首先进入关中,攻进咸阳。势力强大的项羽进入关中后,逼迫刘邦退出关中。鸿门宴上,刘邦险些丧命。刘邦此次脱险后,只得率部退驻汉中。为了麻痹项羽,刘邦退走时,将汉中通往关中的栈道全部烧毁,表示不再返回关中。其实刘邦一天也没有忘记一定要击败项羽,争夺天下。公元前206年,已逐步强大起来的刘邦,派大将军韩信出兵东征。出征之前,韩信派了许多士兵去修复已被烧毁的栈道,摆出要从原路杀回的架势。关中守军闻讯,密切注视修复栈道的进展情况,并派主力部队在这条路线各个关日要塞加紧防范,阻拦汉军进攻。韩信“明修栈道”的行动,果然奏效,由于吸引了敌军注意力,把敌军的主力引诱到了栈道一线,韩信立即派大军绕道到陈仓(今陕西宝鸡县东)发动突然袭击,一举打败章邯,平定三秦,为刘邦统一中原迈出了决定性的一步。<br> 一般来说,一个将领实施某一计谋取成功之后,敌方会吸取教训,防止再次上当。因此,故伎重演,难度很大。古代军事奇才韩信,二施“暗渡陈仓”的计谋,玩弄敌人于股掌之上,堪称一绝。<br> 楚汉相争,各路诸侯,自知力量不敌刘邦、项羽,他们密切注意战争动向,寻找靠山。西魏王豹,本已投靠刘邦,后见汉兵受挫,就转而投靠项羽,联楚反汉。大将军韩信举兵攻打西魏,大军进至黄河渡口临晋关(今陕西大荔东)。西魏王豹派重兵把守临晋关对岸的蒲坂(今山西永济西),凭借黄河天险,紧守度日,封锁临晋关河面,森严壁垒。韩信深知,如果从临晋关渡河,损失太大,难以成功。他决定再施“暗渡陈仓”的计谋。他佯装准备从临晋关渡河决战,调集人马,赶造船只,派人沿黄河上游察看地形。经过认真调查韩信决定从黄河上游夏阳(今陕西韩城南)渡河,那里地势险要,魏兵守备空虚。韩信一面命大军向夏口调集,一面佯装从临晋关渡河,派兵丁擂鼓呐喊,推船入水,作出强攻的样子。魏军无论如何也没想到,就在汉军佯装大举强渡的时候,汉军已在韩信率领下从夏阳渡河后,直取魏都平阳(今山西临汾),等到西魏王豹得到消息,派兵堵截汉军,已经来不及了。汉军生擒西魏王豹,占领了西魏。</p>","status":0,"pv":225,"link":"","createdAt":"2024-12-04T14:07:07.000Z","updatedAt":"2025-01-22T09:48:00.000Z","field":{},"tags":[]}
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